What Is Research Paper Writing?

What Is Research Paper Writing?Research paper writing is like a whole different ball game when compared to other modes of research writing. When you are writing your research paper, you need to remember that you are writing as an autonomous entity from your professor, thesis advisor and also, the entire university environment. Writing a research paper should be done under the guidance of one or more of these individuals.The first thing you need to keep in mind while writing your research paper is the tone of voice that you would want to use in your paper. You should make sure that the tone that you use for the paper matches that of your lecturer and that it is a nice tone of voice. The tone of voice should match the context of the paper too. The tone of voice should not make the professor feel insulted or overwhelmed.The next thing that you have to keep in mind while writing your research paper is the actual content that you would like to have written. While writing your research pap er, you need to get as much of the facts that you want to write down as possible. And while writing the content of the paper, it is important that you do not forget the research paper ideas or concepts that you would like to present.The first thing that you should do while writing your research paper is to make sure that you write down the content that you think would be necessary for your professor to understand. As an outline, you need to write down the main idea that you would like to present. You also need to include the title of the paper, your name, date and place, as well as a few brief sentences on how the paper will look like.The next thing that you need to do is to arrange your work area. If you want to have a chair, then it is good for you to do so. If you want to sit down, then that is fine.The next thing that you need to do while writing your research paper is to prepare the time and place where you will be presenting the information that you have on paper. Make sure th at you place the material somewhere where you will be able to properly view it.Now, once you have arranged the location for your research paper, it is good for you to start typing the information on paper. When you write the paper, try to create outlines of the topic. If you have plenty of information, it would be good if you could break up the paper into smaller parts.The next thing that you need to do is to find a place where you can place the information that you have. One good place for placing the information is on the computer. However, if you have some space at home, then the information can be placed at any place.

SAT Essay Writing Samples

SAT Essay Writing SamplesAssessing the nature of SAT paper composing tests can be a test. Most scholars use tests for showing purposes, and they probably won't have composed their own essay.You may locate that a few models are short and straightforward, while others are long and complex. You will need to invest energy assessing the nature of articles that you get, as they can give a priceless instructive apparatus. Additionally, in the event that you choose to employ a guide, you will need to have the option to pass judgment on the expositions of the tutors.Evaluating the nature of articles isn't troublesome. You can go on the web and see what different understudies have composed. These expositions will give you a few thoughts of what's in store. Moreover, you can take a gander at instances of comparative subjects from the school articles segment of other websites.You ought to likewise know that the substance in the composing tests is totally different starting with one understudy th en onto the next. These understudies will compose totally various kinds of articles. It is basic that you center around the key issues that they have to address.There are many SAT exposition composing tests that looking at American and British culture. A considerable lot of these understudies may be brought up in North America and think of it as their way of life. You should think about this data when composing your essay.Another thing that you will need to search for is whether the expositions were initially written in English. On the off chance that they were, you ought to figure out how to peruse them in English to be certain that you comprehend everything effectively. You ought to consistently attempt to use the same number of instances of composing from English as possible.There are likewise some SAT article composing tests that are innovative and may not be proper for you. These will be composed by understudies who have an enormous scope of scholarly foundations. You ought to have some essential comprehension of the understudy's expected audience.It is additionally significant that you can show that you have taken the SAT appropriately. By taking this test, you are making yourself progressively qualified to prevail in your school vocation. By getting ready for the SAT exposition composing tests, you will be more ready for the genuine test.

Essay Topics For Doctor Faustus

Paper Topics For Doctor FaustusEssay subjects for specialist Faustus incorporate subjects, for example, body dysmorphic scatter, Baudelaire, The Canterbury Tales, and the Black Death. Despite the fact that these points are not extremely present day or contemporary, they do have a level of diversion and reverberation which assists with keeping them intriguing and keep them from turning out to be monotonous.These specialist Faustus article subjects extend from those on medication to those on the secret of how we got into this world. Regardless of whether you are taking a gander at one specific specialist Faustus subject, recollect that you are permitted to utilize a similar creator's words, characters, setting, and so forth in your own paper. This is alluded to as 'vertical getting' and it tends to be exceptionally helpful as an approach to give your paper structure.Firstly, how about we think about medication. Since Doctor Faustus is a clinical show, you will see some logical progress ions, yet additionally a lot of wonderful permit, just as the physical appearance of ailment and malady. For instance, the depictions of 'ruthless fever' are utilized and not just the specialized term, fever. Truth be told, the utilization of logical phrasing is suitable for this sort of story, which includes people attempting to make due just as manage their adored ones.In expansion to the themes introduced by doctors in the wellbeing business, you should investigate the subject of Chlorosis, which is portrayed in The Canterbury Tales. A case of a subject this identifies with would be the possibility of the 'madness' of a casualty as portrayed in Anthony Trollope's exemplary novel, which delineates the discipline allotted to the character who is crazy. Different subjects that may intrigue you include:Dysmorphic Disorder: This is a genuinely new point on the exposition and is particularly applicable to the subject of The Canterbury Tales, where the character Thomas Sharpe has a 'der matilium,' which is actually a hide like skin development as mole like knocks. From the start, they appear to be very nauseating, yet they are really wonderful, so this isn't a reference to somebody having a distorting issue. It is progressively about the experience of having a one of a kind, strange and ugly state of being. They are depicted as being a lot of like physical allure, however it isn't pleasant.Baudelaire: Another article point for Doctor Faustus is viewed as composed by Edgar Degas, explicitly the sonnet, 'The Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy.' Although they are to some degree comparative in tone, these are two unique sorts of workmanship thus they can be thought about. Regardless, numerous specialists think about these both beautiful works all in all, and even arrangements of poems.Baudelaire portrays the procedure of the craftsman experiencing childhood in a universe of innovativeness, which is like a great deal of the topics in Doctor Faustus. It is additionally eviden t that a youthful craftsman needs to be treated with the regard of a craftsman, and the word 'baudelaire' is an affectionate nickname for specialists. It is likewise useful to consider that nobody is invulnerable to being portrayed by the term.Other themes to consider for Doctor Faustus incorporate those identified with enchantment, nature, just as mental issues. You may likewise find that you have extraordinary trouble choosing which point to pick when you are taking a gander at specialist Faustus paper subjects and can start to feel overpowered. Be that as it may, keeping a receptive outlook and not driving yourself to figure a specific way will assist you with feeling in charge of the entire exposition.

Academic Background Essay Samples

Scholastic Background Essay SamplesAcademic foundation article tests will assist you with making an understood and compact paper in an extremely short measure of time. They don't necessitate that you be an English and composing master to compose a decent one. All that you need is the fundamental ability of examination and writing.Academic Background - Why go to class and compose a college paper? To pick up information, get passing marks and lift your confidence. You don't should be the best at math or science to compose an exposition; however on the off chance that you do know about these subjects, at that point that is great. It will likewise give you a chance to communicate your deepest musings and feelings.Academic Background Essay tests will be exceptionally advantageous for you. As they won't just tell you the best way to compose however will likewise contain some incredible tips. It is an extraordinary thought to exploit all that the web brings to the table. There are a large n umber of scholastic foundation expositions tests accessible on the net. You simply need to keep your eyes open and your ears attentive.Some scholarly foundation article tests will be nonexclusive or general in nature, while others might be increasingly point by point and customized to explicit regions. Unbelievably colleges, it is significant that you pick an example that is suitable to the sort of exposition that you are composing. Do some exploration before you start. For instance, would you like to utilize an exposition layout that is structured by a product organization? Or then again are you searching for one that was structured by a writer?The Internet is an amazing wellspring of valuable data and help on your scholarly foundation just as scholastic composition. This will help you a great deal in the event that you are uncertain about what you ought to compose. It can spare you a great deal of time and exertion. This is on the grounds that there are numerous assets accessible that will permit you to pick the correct article from numerous accessible. It can likewise give you thoughts for themes that you probably won't have thought of.You can look for scholastic foundation exposition tests by utilizing the web crawlers. You can begin by composing the name of the subject you wish to expound on into the web crawler. The list items will give you a rundown of results. Basically follow the connections and you will discover all the scholarly foundation paper tests that will accommodate your needs.In expansion to this, numerous sites offer free examples. These are offered for understudies just as expert essayists. You can without much of a stretch download the articles or different examples that you requirement for nothing. You can even print them out and use them as a training tool.A expression of alert, nonetheless, when you search for these free examples on the web; you should know that not all are solid. There are a few locales that will offer you an extremel y low quality example. You should practice alert while picking which sites to use for tests.

Tips on College Opinion Essay Topics

Tips on College Opinion Essay TopicsCollege supposition article subjects can be whatever will intrigue you, as long as it's not very genuine. It isn't important to make a special effort to concoct a theme for your exposition, however it can unquestionably help on the off chance that you do.For model, you could compose a paper about how you like sushi. You may imagine that your subject ought to be sushi cafés, however for this model you could decide to compose an alternate point totally and put in some exploratory writing. In any case, you're certain to have a ton of fun with it.You could likewise compose an article about a well known theme that you find intriguing, as long as it is anything but a subject that is excessively genuine. This could be whatever you think about and you feel that others would discover fascinating. You could likewise incorporate a wide range of subjects that are typically difficult to expound on, for example, religion, governmental issues, sports, and human expressions. You could even think of your own point that you truly love.In expansion to having the option to pick what subject you need to expound on, you will likewise have the option to pick to what extent you will be permitted to compose an article before the check runs out. This could be probably the best component of the school assessment article theme that you pick. All things considered, you won't have any desire to burn through the entirety of your time and exertion on something that you know might be just a couple of minutes long.There is a ton that you should realize when composing a paper on a specific theme. Notwithstanding, you may not generally feel that you have the opportunity to plunk down and compose a paper. For this situation, the school sentiment exposition subject can be exactly what you need.Many of the points that you will have the option to look over may likewise be refreshed all the time. With this choice, you might have the option to pick a subject that is somewhat more established or one that has changed over the years.In expansion to the current year, you may likewise have the option to look over points that are from 10 years back. For instance, you might have the option to pick a paper from two decades back about the Reagan organization. You may even find that you can discuss over multi decade in a paper that you write.The decision of school feeling exposition subjects is one that you will have the option to end up in a ton of fun with. Before you choose which theme to utilize, you will need to be certain that you comprehend what sort of subject you will expound on, just as to what extent you will be permitted to compose it.

5 Things to Remember When Writing an Argumentative Essay

5 Things to Remember When Writing an Argumentative EssayArgumentative article points are the establishment for all viable exposition composing. Actually, they are the genuine focal point of the entire experience. That is the reason it is so imperative to recall that in no way, shape or form should your contention at any point become a lesson. This will spell fiasco, and you could lose focuses just as your readers.There are a few things that you should remember when arranging a pugnacious article. As a matter of first importance, the contention ought to never spin around the current issue. It ought to be simply the contention. The primary concern that you should mull over is that the contention will be given to you, and the theme will be one that you know nothing about. You can't transform it into something that you know about, since this won't loan a lot of believability to your piece.For this explanation, you ought to consistently ensure that you are making a solid proposition artic ulation and afterward make a special effort to build up your contention as being founded on that point. The way to doing this is to compose from the perspective of the peruser, and not from that of the speaker. This will show signs of improvement position to help your point.Second, the presentation is the most significant piece of the whole contention. The presentation must address everything that you need to cover in the remainder of the exposition. This will assist with setting up your proposition, and cause the peruser to remain alert, which is significant. Additionally, it is basic that you set up the whole conversation in a legitimate manner. It's imperative to initially cover the postulation articulation and afterward proceed to characterize the issue, and afterward proceed with your contention, and end with the conclusion.Third, you should design every single piece of the enticing exposition yourself. This doesn't imply that you can't employ somebody to help you, yet on the o ff chance that you need assistance with anything, you have to compose it yourself. On the off chance that you don't have your own notes, you can utilize notes taken from different sources that will tell you the best way to achieve this.Also, the way in to a powerful article is to have the option to coordinate your perusers towards your decision. It is important that you do this appropriately and not simply float off into a clarification of what the subject is about. At the point when you have done this, you will be substantially more enticing in the manner that you present the topic.Fourth, you should consider your perusers when you are composing an influential paper. You will need to concentrate on the point that you are attempting to make, and not let the peruser escape from it. You can utilize your theme as a springboard, however the peruser should be on your equivalent page completely through. At that point, you can start to change over them.Fifth, a factious paper is never fini shed without an end. After you have set up the extent of your contention and proceeded to layout the issue that you are tending to, you should now be prepared to arrive at a resolution. This is the place you will offer a touch of conclusion to your contention and clarify why you are supportive of your sentiment. Presently, you are finished!

Major Declaration Essay Samples Learn About Culp Georgetown

Significant Declaration Essay Samples: Learn About Culp GeorgetownThe significant affirmation article tests are altogether different in substance and strategy for introduction and vary in come nearer from one another. In such a circumstance, the individual must be incredibly cautious while choosing the substance or style of the paper. While a few understudies may just choose any example because of the way that they are free examples, there are occurrences where they may not really be the best example for the point or the subject.Culp Georgetown is one of the most presumed instructive associations that offer free noteworthy sentiment composing programs and is noted for its believability and ability in this space. Culp Georgetown offers various themes and it is among the best examples in this field. On the off chance that you are battling with a specific point, at that point it is in every case great to connect with Culp Georgetown to think about their examples in detail.For any chance to find out about Culp Georgetown, you will require to pursue their free example following framework. When you are an individual from the Culp Georgetown, you will have the option to get to its examples in extraordinary detail. On the off chance that you are scanning for significant affirmation exposition tests culp Georgetown, here are scarcely any rules that you can follow:Majority of understudies are looking for the best subjects, as they are probably going to finish the whole task. Be that as it may, not every one of them can think of a fitting subject for the task. In this way, it is in every case better to complete some meeting to generate new ideas for the point that you have chosen.It is essential to take note of that the subject is a lot of applicable to the substance or topic of the school or the exploration paper. When you have the key data about the theme, you should search for different confirmations or proof that bolsters the proposition of the substance. Be that as i t may, on the off chance that you can't locate any genuine models from Culp Georgetown, at that point you can generally experience its example hotspots for more options.Due to the brief timeframe length, we all don't have the opportunity to investigate on each part of the subject; in this manner, there are times when you probably won't have the option to discover data on the general information on the theme. Notwithstanding, you ought to know that the understudies of Culp Georgetown probably won't have a similar information. Subsequently, on the off chance that you locate the fundamental information on the point, you can likewise counsel them. They may have a few realities that may be somewhat helpful for your essay.You ought to consistently recall that the point that you have picked should be all around upheld by the sufficient measure of realities. On the off chance that you think that its hard to deal with the information, at that point you can solicit some from the understudies to get you out. Notwithstanding, there is no damage in doing this undertaking yourself.There are such a large number of favorable circumstances to be appreciated by taking assistance from Culp Georgetown tests. Henceforth, it is consistently savvy to do some exploration on the subject before at long last picking the point for the significant announcement exposition tests.

Essay Samples For IELTS

Paper Samples For IELTSUsing exposition tests for IELTS will be useful to you when you are considering composing your own test. The primary concern that you have to remember is that it isn't about you, yet about the inspector. Paper tests for IELTS are useful, yet ensure that you make sure to tailor them as indicated by the kind of test that you will be taking.For model, composing a couple of sentences will help you a great deal in making your exposition tests for IELTS, however in the event that you are composing an article that is further developed, you have to do some intuition before you start. Additionally, you have to take a gander at the style of the paper test. You can't compose something like 'In the event that you can' on the grounds that it might be looked downward on by the examiner.In general, in the event that you are not exceptionally acquainted with the English language, at that point you won't have the option to utilize it for your potential benefit. You need to ensu re that you utilize the correct words and sentence structure, while being cautious with utilizing incorrectly terms.If you truly need to compose a decent exposition, you need to rehearse a great deal. Perusing a great deal of expositions and watching recordings will help you a ton, yet the primary concern that you have to recall is that the more you practice, the better you will turn into. There are such huge numbers of materials accessible online that can assist you with improving your composing skills.In expansion, you can likewise get the help of an individual coach to help you recorded as a hard copy your articles. On the off chance that you have a coach, at that point you don't need to stress over composing an article without anyone else. You can simply adhere to the guidelines of the tutor.In the end, there are such a significant number of assets out there that you can use to compose your expositions, however you need to realize which is the best essaysamples for IELTS. Ensure that you are extremely clear about what kind of article you will compose. On the off chance that you can't locate the material on the web, at that point you need to converse with the coaches and discover which one is the best.Do not surrender effectively in the event that you can't discover the paper tests for IELTS on the web. You can request their assistance to get the material that you need. Recollect that on the off chance that you can not think that its on the web, at that point you can likewise request the mentor's help.With enough practice, you will have the option to compose an exposition on whatever subject you need. You should simply to be patient and continue rehearsing. You will likely turn into an extraordinary essayist, so put forth sure that you put every one of your attempts into it.

The Rate Of Inflation And Economic Growth - Free Essay Example

CHAPTER 1 Gross Domestic Product as an indicator of wealth and therefore quality of life has long been criticized (Mederly, P. and et al. 2003). Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the value of total production of goods and services in a country over a specified period, typically a year. The gross domestic product (GDP) or gross domestic income (GDI) is a measure of a countrys overall economic output GDP can be determined in three ways, all of which should in principle give the same result. The most direct of the three is the product approach, which sums the outputs of every class of enterprise to arrive at the total. The expenditure approach works on the principle that all of the product must be bought by somebody, therefore the value of the total product must be equal to peoples total expenditures in buying things. The income approach works on the principle that the incomes of the productive factor must be equal to the value of their product, and determines GDP by finding the sum of all producers incomes (Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S Department of Commerce, 2007). The most common approach to measure GDP is the expenditure m ethod: GDP= private consumption + gross investment + government spending + (exports à ¢Ã‹â€  imports) GDP = C + I + G + (X-M) (Equation 1.1) An event in 1975 that remind us the current GDP in our country where the Malaysian economy slumped into its great recession, with a GDP growth rate of only 0.8 percent, compared to 8.3 percent in 1974. This is one of the effects of increase in oil prices and then substantial price increase in 1973 were bought about mainly shortage of food and raw materials arising from bad weather and increased aggregate demand (Cheng, M.Y. and Tan,.H.B. 2002). According to the above circumstances occurred in 1975, the researcher has choosing one of variables that may relate with fluctuation of GDP which is inflation rate. Inflation means either an increase in the money supply or an increase in price levels. Generally, when we hear about inflation, we are hearing about a rise in prices compared to some benchmark. The study of the effects of inflation on economic growth continues to be an important and complex topic in economics. If inflation has real economic effects, then governments can influence economic performance through monetary policy (Risso, W.A and Carrera, E.J.S, 2009). Therefore, investigating how inflation affects economic growth pertains directly to the optimal design of monetary policy. Results from such studies are particularly important for economies. Besides the inflation, the researcher has considered total employment as one of the variable in the model since economic growth and employment are correlated between each others. The relationship between unemployment and GDP is called Okuns law. It is the association of a higher national economic output with the decrease in national unemployment. This is because in order to increase the economic output of a country, people will need to go back to work, thus lowering unemployment. In order to support the relationship exist between GDP and employment, the researcher has found out the issue supporting the theory that GDP and employment has a positive relationship between each others. According to Hassan, M.K.H. and et al. (2010), in the period of 1996 -1997, the manufacturing sector experienced a rapid growth producing the employment rate in the sector to grow at 7.7 percent per annum but later declining to negative 3.6 percent in 1998 due to the economic recession. In addition, in year 2000, the Malaysian manufacturing sector contributed 33.4% to gross domestic product (GDP), 85.2% to total export and 27.6% to total employment. 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT Inflation is a major source of economic instability because it weakens incentives for work and production, distorts the allocate efficiency of the market mechanism, erodes international competitiveness of the domestic industry, and reduces growth potential. According to study by Fischer and Modigliani (1980) suggested a negative and nonlinear relationship between the rate of inflation and economic growth through the new growth theory mechanism. Furthermore, inflation also damages economic growth by lowering domestic and foreign savings, reducing efficiency of resource allocation, and deteriorating the balance-of payments (Risso, W.A. and Carrera, E.J.S., 2009). According to Cheng, M.Y. and Tan, H.B. (2002), the economy has experienced episode of high (1973-1974, 1980-1981) and low (1985-1987) regimes of inflation, and was able to contain low and stable inflation during the high economy growth period of 1988-1996. The second problem statement that should be concerns since the employment can affect the economic growth and it is important variable to determine the quality of production for national output and next will influence the GDP of our country. For example, in the early 1990s, the unemployment rate increased for about a year following the end of the previous recession. Coming out of a recession, companies are thought to be reluctant to hire many more workers until they are convinced about the sustainability of a new economic recovery while people who had left the labor force during the recession return to seek to find jobs (Seyfried, W.). Therefore, the researcher conducts this research in order to examine the correlation exists between inflation rate and employment with GDP so that we can help the country to mitigate the problem occurs by supporting the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s policies to increase the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s GDP. In addition, this research also useful since the results of the studies can be used in policyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s decision for resource allocation in order to accelerate economic growth. 1.3 OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study are to: 1.3.1 Analyze the relationship between Inflation Rate and Gross Domestic Product in terms of magnitude and direction. 1.3.2 Analyze the relationship between Total Employment and Gross Domestic Product in terms of magnitude and direction. 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The significances of this study are as follow: 1.4.1 Researcher This study will help the researcher to complete their course requirement and will be as guidelines for their field of work in the future. The researcher can gain many experiences in order to complete this research. There are lot of weaknesses may be obtained and this will encourage the researcher to provide the better research in the future. Future researcher will know and more understanding about gross domestic product when conduct this research. It will give the knowledge to the researcher to identify the correlation exist between inflation rate and employment and it always make the researcher briefing to know deeply and applied the study. 1.4.2 Organization This study might help the organization in analyzing the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic condition in order to prevent and reduce the risk during the inflation and know the effects of the crisis occurs to them. This study also may give some guidance to them to protect their company and industry itself. 1.4.3 Public This study can inform and gives some knowledge to the public the relationship between economic growth, inflation rate and employment. They also can make preparation to face the increasing in inflation rate and able to survive in that situation. 1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The researcher chooses to conduct the research about GDP in Malaysia from 2000 until 2010 In this study, the researcher wants to determine the correlation exist between inflation rate and employment with GDP in Malaysia. It is important because as economic planners and forecasters used the GDP per capita in monitoring economic growth trend for time series. The collection of data of GDP, inflation rate and total employment were collected from Department Of Statistics Malaysia in quarterly basis. 1.6 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Figure 1.1: Theoretical Framework INFLATION RATE GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT EMPLOYMENT RATE RATE Independent variables Dependent Variable Figure 1.1 represents the dependent variable and independent variables in this study. The function of theoretical framework has been clarified by Sekaran, U. (2003) which is a conceptual model of how one theorizes or makes logical sense of the relationship among the several factors that have been identified as important to the problem. Figure above clearly discuss the correlation between Gross Domestic Product which is variable primary to the researcher while Inflation Rate and Employment act as independent variable which is influences the dependent variable. 1.7 HYPOTHESIS In classical test of significant, two kind of hypothesis are used. They are Null Hypothesis and Alternate Hypothesis. Hypothesis is a conjectural statement that describes the relationship among variable even negative or positive. Null hypothesis which is represent by H0 symbol to show that the relationship between independent and dependent variable is not exist. However alternate hypothesis is representing by H1 symbol to show that the relationship is existing between both dependent and independent variable. According to Sakaran (2004), a hypothesis defines as a logically conjectured relationship between two or more variables expressed in the form of testable statement. Relationship a conjectured on the basis on the network of associations established in the theoretical framework formulated for the research study. There are two hypotheses that can describes the correlation exists between dependent variable and independent variables. Therefore the hypothesis that can be tested as follows: Inflation and GDP H0: there is no significant relationship between inflation and GDP. H1: there is a significant relationship between inflation and GDP. Employment and GDP H0: there is no significant relationship between employment and GDP. H1: there is a significant relationship between employment and GDP. 1.8 LIMITATION / CONSTRAINTS The limitations / constraints are: 1.8.1 Time constraint The length of time is limited since the researcher does not have much time to make detailed research. The time provided only three months and the researcher need to divide time properly to complete the research because the process of collecting data is quite difficult. 1.8.2 Cost constraint The cost involves is quite high since as a student, the researcher only depend on the loan applied. Examples of cost involve in order completing this research such as cost of printing, cost of maintaining the laptop, cost of surfing the internet and etc. 1.8.3 Data constraint Since the researcher use the secondary data, the collection of data that have been publish are so limited and the related material are not very supporting the topic of research. 1.8.4 Lack of experience The researcher is less of experience in conducting the research therefore needs to refer the researcherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s advisor to process the data and learning the skill that needed as a good researcher. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 DEPENDENT VARIABLE 2.1.1 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) Generally, according to Chan, W.W. and Lam, J.C. (2000), gross domestic product is a common measure of the economic well-being of a society. When government officials plan for the future, they consider the various economics sectors contributed to the gross domestic products. In the other study by Ivanov, S. and Webster, C. (2007), they use the growth of real GDP per capita gr as a measure of economic growth in line with other publications in the field (see Ivanov and Webster, 2007; Lopes et al., 2002; Plosser, 1992). The function of GDP also has been explained by Kosmidou, K. (2008) where gross domestic product (GDP) is among the most commonly used macroeconomic indicators, as it is a measure of total economic activity within an economy. The gross domestic product growth (GDPGR), calculated as the annual change of the GDP, is used as a measure of the macroeconomic conditions. The significance between GDP, foreign trade and foreign direct investment has been discussed by Liu Ying and Cui Riming (2008) where the economy is highlighted by the significant performance of both its economic growth and its foreign trade and foreign direct investment. Under this background, the correlation of foreign trade, foreign direct investments and economic growth in has become an important issue for academic research. Previous studies support that foreign trade and foreign direct investment have positive impacts on gross domestic product (GDP). In the study by Malul, M. and et al. (2008), the GDPpc is used mainly to compare the standard of living in different countries. It means that the higher of cost of living in a country, the higher earning of gross domestic product of the country. According to Wong, K.Y.(2008),economic growth of an economy refers to the expansion of its production possibility set, as a result of accumulation of primary factors such as labor and capital (physical and human), or improvement of production technologies. However, because the production possibility frontier (PPF) of an economy is not observable, economic growth is usually measured in terms of the growth rate of some observable variables such as real GDP or real per capita GDP. Besides that GDP also one of the result of the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic activities based on the statement of Daly and Cobb (1989), GDP expresses the content of physical flows of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“capital, industrial production, services, resources and agricultural productà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The scientific research has been conducted by Ligon and Sadoulet (2007) using a sample of 42 countries show that GDP growth, which comes from agriculture is at least twice as effective in reducing poverty compared to GDP growth coming from nonagricultural areas. In order to know the correlation between inflation and growth, Gokal, V. and Hanif, S. (2004), stated that the tests revealed that a weak negative correlation exists between inflation and growth, while the change in output gap bears significant bearing. The causality between the two variables ran one-way from GDP growth to inflation. While, according to some consensus exists, suggesting that macroeconomic stability, specifically defined as low inflation, is positively related to economic growth. 2.2 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES 2.2.1 INFLATION RATE (INF) Inflation on economic growth continues to be an important and complex topic in economics. If inflation has real economic effects, then governments can influence economic performance through monetary policy. Therefore, investigating how inflation affects economic growth pertains directly to the optimal design of monetary policy. According to Andres and Hernando (1999), for example, reducing inflation by one percentage point when the rate is 20 percent which results in an increase in the growth rate of 0.5 percent, compared to reducing inflation by one percentage point when the inflation rate is around 5 percent, which results in a decrease in the growth rate by 1 percent. Furthermore, a study by Mallik and Chowdhury (2001), the structuralisms argue that inflation is necessary for economic growth, whereas the monetarists argue the opposite, that is, inflation is detrimental to economic growth such debate started in the 1950s, focused on developing countries, which had long suffered fro m low-growth rates with high rates of inflation and larger deficits in the balance of payments. In order of inflation, the monetarists argue that price stability promotes economic growth and protects the balance of payments. They argue that inflation is major sources of economic instability because it weakens incentives for work and production, distorts the allocative efficiency of the market mechanism, erodes international competitiveness of the domestic industry, and reduces growth potential. They also argued that inflation damages economic growth by lowering domestic and foreign savings, reducing efficiency of resource allocation, and deteriorating the balance-of-payments. To monetarists, stable prices are the starting point in the process of economic development. The policy choice of a country would be stabilization with growth, or stabilization without growth. Several papers are typical of the monetarist tradition. To argue that, according to Fischer and Modigliani (1980) suggested a negative and nonlinear relationship between the rate of inflation and economic growth through the new growth theory mechanism proposed a model where the agents decide the level of labor output, and an increase in inflation reduces labor supply, and producing a decrease in economic production. On the other hand, a study by Mundell and Tobin (1965), the structuralizes argue that inflation normally accompanies economic growth in developing countries because structural rigidities and bottlenecks in supply sectors prevent the elastic supply of some basic commodities such as food, housing, energy, and transportation. Increased income as a result of growth would expand demand for such basic commodities, and prices would rise. The structuralize position is that economic difficulties in developing countries have roots deeper than just the results of inflation. Thus, structuralizes thought that inflationary pressures and det erioration in the balance of payments inevitably are attendant matters of economic growth. In developing countries, there thus would be a trade-off relationship between economic growth and inflation and an attendant deterioration in balance of payments. If a developing country wants stabilization of prices and balance of payments, it must reduce the speed of economic growth, including a sacrifice of employment. Among scholars who support the structuralizeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ position on a positive relationship between inflation and economic performance, predict a positive relationship between the rate of inflation and the rate of capital accumulation, which in turn implies a positive relationship to the rate of economic growth. But, DeGregorio (1996) and Fischer (1926) pointed out, since money and capital are substitutable, an increase in the rate of inflation increases capital accumulation by shifts in portfolios from money to capital and thereby stimulate a higher rate of economic growth was the first to establish a negative correlation between inflation and unemployment. According to Grier and Grier (2006), it presents evidence on the real effects of inflation and inflation uncertainty on output growth. Their main findings are as follows: Inflation uncertainty has a negative and significant effect on growth Once the effect of inflation uncertainty is accounted for, lagged inflation does not have a direct negative effect on output growth; and As predicted higher average inflation raises inflation uncertainty, and the overall net effect of average inflation on output growth. Differ with theory of Bortis, H. (2004), he argues that inflation is a macroeconomic phenomenon represented by a gap between global supply and global demand. Inflation affects the money-output relationship, as does deflation; both phenomena modify the purchasing power of money over domestic output. In this view, price indices cannot come to grips with the inflation phenomenon. While Cheng and Tan (2002) in their study inflation in Malaysia, suggested that main factors affecting Malaysian inflation were external (foreign trade, foreign direct investment and technology transfer). Malaysia has been comparatively successful in balancing strong economic growth with moderate levels of inflation in the periods preceding and following the Asian Financial crisis. Actually, empirical results related to low and medium inflation are of a mixed nature; some papers (mainly these analysing the developed economies) argues that moderate inflation negatively affects growth (e.g. Alexander, 1997, Gillm an et al. 2002; Gillman and Harris 2009; Gillman et al. 2001; Fischer 1993; De Gregorio 1992 and 1993) while other argues that moderate inflation is actually stimulating growth. On the theory side Friedman (1977) in his Nobel lecture argues that a positive relationship between the level of inflation and inflation uncertainty. Friedman points out higher inflation leading to greater uncertainty, which lowers welfare and efficiency of output growth. On the other hand, Ball (1992) formalizes Friedmanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hypothesis using an asymmetric information game where public faces uncertainty regarding the type of policymaker in the office. One of the policymaker is willing to tolerate a recession to reduce inflation and the other is not. During the low inflation time, both type of policymakers will attempt and try to keep it low. But, when inflation is high, only the tough type or anti-inflation policymaker will bear the economic costs of disinflation. The argument that central banks should emphasize holding down inflation comes from the beliefs that inflation has an adverse effect on macroeconomic variables, such as output and productivity growth. According to Clark (1982), inflation causes misperception of the relative price levels and leads to inefficient investment plans and therefore affects productivity inversely. Furthermore, inflation erodes tax reductions for depreciation and raises the rental price of capital, which in turn causes a reduction in capital accumulation and therefore in labour productivity. In addition, according to Feldstein (1982) inflation disrupts investment plans by imposing a higher tax rate on corporate profits and through higher effective tax rates on corporate income and accordingly affects productivity (Gilson, 1984; Boskin et al., 1980). Finally, inflation distorts price signals and reduces the ability of economic agents to operate efficiently (Smyth, 1995). According to Chen and et al. (1991), it has documented a significant relationship between the US stock returns and real economic variables such as industrial production, real GNP, interest rates, inflation and money supply. Besides that, there are also otherwise arguments that there is no relation between inflation rate and gross domestic product in the long run. For instance, Faria and Carneiro (2001) investigate the relationship between inflation and output in the context of an economy facing persistent high inflation and they find that inflation does not affect real output in the long run, but that in the short-run inflation negatively affects output. In addition, scholars such as Sidrauski (1967) suggest that there is no relationship between inflation and economic growth, supporting the hypothesis of super neutrality of money. On the other hand, Sarel (1995) asserts that there is a nonlinear relationship between inflation and economic growth. Using 87 countries, he finds the existence of an inflation threshold of 8 percent. Above the threshold there is a negative relationship between inflation and economic growth, whereas under the threshold there is a positive but not significant relationship. The others studies in order to prove Sarelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s result, Judson and Orphanides (1996) divide Sarelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s sample of countries into three groups, and they find similar results to Sarel, finding a threshold of 10 percent. Ghosh and Phillips (1998a, b) study 145 countries in the period 1960-1990 again finding similar results. Paul et al. (1997) study 70 countries (of which 48 are developing economies) for the period 1960-1989. They find no causal relationship between inflation and economic growth in 40 percent of the countries, bidirectional causality among 20 percent of the countries, and unidirectional causality for the rest (either inflation to growth or vice versa). Lastly, Mendoza (1998) finds that inflation has had no effect on Mexicoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s long-run economic growth since he conducted the study of inflation in Mexico. 2.2.2 EMPLOYMENT Some of studies have been conducted to examine the relationship between gross domestic product and employment. For instance, according to Okun (1962) and Philips (1958), they found different relationship both of these. Okun found a negative correlation between unemployment and economic growth, then from both propositions it can be deduced a positive relationship between economic growth and inflation while Phillips proposed a positive relationship between inflation and unemployment implying the same type of relationship. In addition, Boltho and Glyn (1995) found elasticities of employment with respect to output growth in the order of 0.5 to 0.6 for a set of OECD countries. While according to Evangelista and Perani (1996) discovered evidence suggesting that restructuring of major economic sectors reduce the relationship between economic growth and employment. A specific research conducted by Seyfried, W., among the G7 countries (Canada was excluded), a positive and significant relationship between growth in value added and employment was found only in Germany and the US. In addition, according to Verdoon (1949) and Kaldor (1966), an increase in output growth of 1 percent leads to an increase in productivity and employment growth of half a percentage point each. It should be noted that the higher the productivity effects of growth, the more difficult it will be to keep unemployment from rising. According to Okuns Law an increase of the economic growth rate by 3 percent (above the normal rate) was expected to reduce the unemployment rate by 161 percentage point. Or, to put it the other way round: The gain of real GDP associated with a reduction in unemployment of one percentage point was estimated to be 3 percent. Several studies also have been conducted to examine the correlation exists between employment and inflation rate. One of the studies by Spithoven, A.H.G.M. (1995), by the end of the 1960s evidently there was no fixed relationship between unemployment and inflation. Empirical research revealed that the relationship was not consistent over time and varied sharply between countries. This was explained as follows: in the short run higher nominal wages attract more labour and engender a fall in the rates of unemployment. As soon as the workers recognize the wage rise to be purely nominal they abstain from work, and unemployment is restored to the pre-wage-rise level, but with a level of prices higher than before. Secondly, according to Brenner (1991), confronted with a combination of unemployment and inflation (stagflation), many governments abandoned efforts to regulate the economy by the Keynesian instruments. They declared fiscal policies ineffective and sought refuge in a mixture of m onetary measures with supply-side economics. According to Keynes (1946), the volume of employment is given by the point of intersection between the aggregate demand function and the aggregate supply function. This was naively interpreted and construed to imply that a rise in costs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and with this was meant a rise in costs owing to increasing government expenditure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" will result in an upward shift of the supply curve and will cause greater unemployment and inflation. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN 3.1 MODEL SPECIFICATION This study is to examine the correlation exists between inflation rate and total employment with gross domestic product. It uses secondary data which is based on time series data. The collection of time series data from 1982 to 2006 and the scope is in Malaysia. The researcher applied STATA software to process the data and log-log model in this study. The model applied a log transformation, since log transformations help, at least partially, to eliminate the strong asymmetry in the distribution of inflation (Sarel, 1995) and (Ghosh and Phillips, 1998a, b). The logarithm equation is written in the Equation 3.1. GDP = ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ²1In(INF) + ÃŽÂ ²2ln(EMP) + ÃŽÂ µ (Equation 3.1) Where, GDP = Gross Domestic Product ÃŽÂ ± = Constant ÃŽÂ ²1 = Inflation ÃŽÂ ²2 = Employment ÃŽÂ µ = Error term In above equation, it shows clearly dependent variable that has been applied in this study is gross domestic product, besides that, the researcher also used two independent variables which are quantitative variables, they are inflation rate and total employment. 3.1.1 DEPENDENT VARIABLE The dependent variable is the variable of primary interest to the researcher. The researcherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goal is to understand and describe the dependent variable, and to explain its variability, or predict it (Sekaran, 2006). Dependent variable of this study is factor contributed to the gross domestic product. According to Zikmund (2000), independent variable is a criterion that predicted or explained. It show that the component contributed to improving of gross domestic product depend on the listed independent variables. 3.1.2 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES According to Zikmund (2000), independent variables that expected to influence the dependent variable. Refer to (Burn and Bush, 2000), independent variables are those variables over which the researcher has some control and wishes to manipulate. In this study, two independent variables will influence the dependent variables. They are inflation rate and employment. 3.2 DATA SET AND METHODOLOGY The collections of data in this research only gain from secondary data and based on time series data which are from 2000 to 2010. The researcher has considered annual data of real GDP, inflation rate and employment. All the data on the growth rate of real GDP, Inflation and total employment were obtained from Department of Statistics Malaysia database. GDP is considered per capita. In addition, according to Aigenger (2005) per capita real GDP is also used as an alternative measure of productivity, as some theoretical models do. Moreover, according to OECD (2001), living standards as represented by per capita income reflects productivity since the former is determined, to a significant extent, by the latter. CPI consider in weight 100 while employment in number of labor. The variables were selected based on relevant economic theories that allow for the interaction among inflation rate and total employment in addition to response to GDP. 3.3 TECHNIQUE ANALYSIS DATA In this research, the researcher has applied unit SPSS in order to determine time series data is stationary or non stationary about the correlation between inflation rate and employment with gross domestic product. The researcher examines the existence of a long-run relationship between inflation and employment with GDP using a vector error-correction model (VECM) after applying Johansenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1988, 1990, and 1995) cointegration technique. We conduct a test for weak exogeneity in order to do inference. Then, the researcher conduct stability test by using Jarque Bera test in order to test normality distribution between the variables selected. Finally, a modified version of the Granger causality test is applied in order to analyze causality between the variables. 3.4.1.1 Multiple Regression Analysis Multiple Linear regression analysis is an analysis of the relationship between one variable (dependent variable) and set of variable (independent variables). It is used by the researcher to test the hypothesis. As in all hypothesis tests, the goal is to reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. This technique will identify how much of the variance in the dependent variables can be explained by independent variables. This analysis is used primarily for the purpose of prediction. The regression model can be used to predict the value of the proposed model in the study is: GDP = f (INF, EMP) GDP = ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ²1 Inflation+ ÃŽÂ ²2 Employment + ÃŽÂ µ Where, GDP = Gross Domestic Product ÃŽÂ ± = Constant ÃŽÂ ²1 = Inflation ÃŽÂ ²2 = Employment ÃŽÂ µ = Error term 3.4.1.2 Coefficient of Determination (R2) A goodness of fit measure for a Simple Regression Model, the square of the correlations show how well a regression model explains the changes in the values of the dependent variables. In this study, R2 determine the changes in the dependent variable (x) can be explained by the changes in independent variables. This regression can be expected if the forecasting of R2 is 50% and above. R2 = Explained Variance Total Variance 3.4.1.3 F- Stastistics F-Stat is used to test the hypothesis that the variation in independent variable explained a significant portion of variation in the dependent variable. F-Stat = Explained variation / (k-1) Unexpected Variation / (n-k-1) F-stat can be calculated as follow: Where : K= Number of independent variable n = Number of observation 3.3.1.4 T- Statistics T-Stat is used to determine if there is any significant relationship between the dependent variables and each independent variable. Under this method, the hypotheses are as follows: H0 : ÃŽÂ ² = 0 H1 : ÃŽÂ ² à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0 t=n-k-1To accept the hypotheses, this T-Stat should be compared with critical value. T-value is the critical level of significance and it can be measured by using this formula : Where; k = Number of independent variables n = Number of observation When the data was analyzed, the result of T-stat should be: Accept H0 and Reject H1, when T-Stat T-value Accept H1 and Reject H0, when T-Stat T-value 3.3.1.5 Correlation Analysis Pearson correlation analysis will be used to analyze the relationship between two variables or to measure the degree of association between variables (Parasuraman, 1986). In analyzing the result, the researcher want to investigate the relationship exists between two variables, dependent and independent variables. The analysis can be interpreted as high, moderate and low correlation based on the score computed. 3.4.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK There is a classical theory that explained the high correlation between the key factor of performance in terms of profitability and independent variable. Dependent variable : Gross Domestic Product Independent variable : Inflation and Employment Inflation Gross Domestic Product Employment Independent variable Dependent variable Diagram 1: Theoretical Framework According to the schematic diagram above, it can be elaborated that the performance in terms of profitability, GDP are determine by the inflation and employment. 3.5 HYPOTHESIS Hypothesis can be defined as a specific statement of prediction. It describes in concrete (rather than theoretical) the expectation in the study. Hypothesis can be defined as logically relationship between two or more variables expressed in the form of testable statement. Relationships are conjectured on the basis of the network association established in the theoretical framework formulated for research study. As in the study, two hypotheses can be made based on the independent and dependent variables. To test whether this is applicable to ROA, it is hypothesized that: Hypothesis 1 H0: There is no relationship between the ROA and LTD H1: There is relationship between the ROA and LTD Hypothesis 2 H0: There is no relationship between the ROA and DER H1: There is relationship between the ROA and DER CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS 4.0 INTRODUCTION The data for this study can be analyzed through the software such as SPSS, Limdep, Minitab or any other programs. It is very user-friendly and interactive and has the capability to seamless interface with different database. It ensures that the data are reasonably good of assured quality for further analysis. This chapter represents the findings and analysis on the factors affecting profitability performance of ROA of Islamic banking and conventional banking. 4.1 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA As for the data analysis, the statistical tools use in this study is the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 15.0 to code the data gathered from the historical data in this study. The statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 15.0 is software designed in making data analysis for the research to be more accurate. As the data has been keyed in the SPSS, there is little analysis that will be conducted by researcher. 4.2 CORRELATION ANALYSIS In this section, researcher used Pearson Correlation Coefficient to study the relationship exists between dependent variables and independent variables, as seen in the correlation coefficient (r). The analysis can be interpreted as high, moderate and low correlation based on the score computed. The score computed could vary from +1.00 to -1.00 but for this study, the researcher decided to use the suggested interpretation for value or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“rà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? in determining the strength of coefficient as proposed by ( Guilford 1956). The interpretation of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“rà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? value is explained in the table below. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“rà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? value INTERPRETATION Less than .20 Slight, almost negligible relationship .20-.40 Low correlation, definite but small relationship .40-.70 Moderate correlation, substantial relationship .70-.90 High correlation, marked relationship .90-1.00 Very high correlation, very dependable relationship (Source: Guilford 1956)